Bearing systems for high-speed rotating machinery

ABSTRACT

Bearing systems for high speed rotating shafts, such as turbocharger shafts, include a first ball bearing in one end of an elongated cylinder capable of carrying axial thrust in both directions and a second ball bearing in the opposite end of the elongated cylinder with its outer race slideably mounted in the cylinder against the biasing force of a preload spring. The second ball bearing is free to move axial with the shaft upon axially expansion of the shaft when exposed to high temperature. The inner races of the ball bearings are clamped to and rotate with the shaft as part of the rotating assembly.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to bearing systems for machinery with shafts that rotate at high speeds and are exposed at one end to high temperatures, such as turbochargers used on internal combustion engines.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention comprises an improvement on the bearings systems of U.S. Pat. No. 6,877,901 B2, dated Apr. 12, 2005, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,579 B2, dated Apr. 11, 2006.

Turbochargers have been used on both diesel and gasoline engines to increase power output, reduce fuel consumption, and compensate for high altitude power loss for many years. The success of the small turbocharger to a large part can be attributed to the development of satisfactory bearing systems that allow the machines to operate at very high speed and attain sufficient durability to make them commercially viable products.

Early small turbochargers employed stationary sleeve bearings and rotating assemblies with large diameter stiff shafts where the first critical speed was higher than the maximum operating speed of the machine. Since the maximum pressure output of the early turbocharger compressors was of the order of 1.6 times atmospheric pressure, the bearing friction losses of the large diameter bearings were acceptable.

When the potential of turbocharging high-speed diesel and gasoline engines became obvious, the pressure output of the turbocharger compressors needed to be increased substantially and the friction losses of the large diameter shafts became unacceptable.

When the shaft sizes of the small turbochargers were reduced to lower the friction losses, the critical speed of the rotating assembly fell within the operating speed range of the turbocharger and bearing systems had to be designed and developed to permit the rotating assemblies to pass through their first critical speed without failure. This pioneering work, performed primarily in the 1960's, resulted in the development of small diameter floating sleeve bearing systems where the sleeve bearing was allowed to rotate at a fraction of the speed of the rotor assembly, thereby reducing the friction losses to acceptable values.

The floating sleeve bearings still in use currently in commercial turbochargers incorporate an inner and outer oil film where the outer oil film provides a damping cushion that permits the rotor to pass through its critical speed without reaching a vibration amplitude that would cause failure of the bearings. The floating sleeve bearings also permit minor radial movement of the rotor allowing it to find and rotate about its center of mass, thereby eliminating radial forces that would be generated if the rotor were constrained to rotate about its geometric center.

The inner and outer oil films provide the necessary lubrication to prevent wear and also provide a cushion against shock and vibration. Examples of these successful bearing systems are illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,056,634, No. 3,096,126, No. 3,390,926, and No. 3,993,370.

In the floating sleeve bearing systems described above, it was necessary to provide a thrust bearing to carry the axial loads imposed by the actions of the turbine and compressor wheels used in turbochargers, and a collar was provided on the rotating shaft to bear against stationary thrust members. Since the friction loss in radial thrust bearings is a function of the fourth power of the radius, the collar attached to the shaft causes a relatively high thrust bearing friction loss which, when added to the friction loss of the sleeve bearings, results in a substantial total frictional loss for the complete bearing systems.

It is advantageous to have a bearing system in small turbochargers that has a high mechanical efficiency due to the very high speed of rotation of the rotor assemblies. Since sleeve bearing losses are proportional to the square of the rotational speed of the shaft, there have been numerous attempts in the past to develop systems that use ball bearings in small turbochargers. One such system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,106 that discloses the use of a non-rotating, elongated cylinder with a ball bearing mounted in one end and a sleeve bearing at the opposite end. The elongated cylinder is prevented from rotating by a square flange on the end carrying the ball bearing; the square flange engaging stops in a stationary housing member. Lubricating oil is provided around the outside diameter of the elongated cylinder to provide a damping cushion for orbital motion of the rotating assembly caused by residual unbalance. This residual unbalance forces the non-rotating cylinder to orbit radially at a very high frequency and causes the mating surfaces of the square retaining flange to be subject to fretting. Thus, a solid lubricant pad was used between the mating surfaces of the square flange and corresponding stationary housing surface to mitigate the fretting problem, however, this problem still contributed to a limited service life in turbochargers using this bearing system.

The pursuit of satisfactory ball bearing systems for small turbochargers continued with the emergence of the system shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,977. In this system, a ball bearing is mounted in one end of an elongated cylinder and includes a separate floating sleeve bearing near the opposite end. The elongated cylinder incorporates a round, radially extending flange on one end and the cylinder is free to rotate at a fraction of the speed of the shaft. The radially extending flange on the end of the rotatable cylinder engages corresponding surfaces of the stationary housing and carries thrust loads of the rotating assembly in both directions. Friction losses with this system are reduced due to the ball bearing and floating sleeve bearing resulting in a higher mechanical efficiency than previous systems; however, since the system contains one sleeve bearing, there remained room for improvement in mechanical efficiency if a double ball bearing system could be developed.

This objective was reached as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,877,901 B2, wherein an angular contact ball bearing is used in both ends of an elongated rotatable cylinder that incorporates a radially extending round flange on one end. The radially extending flange cooperates with mating surfaces in the stationary housing to carry thrust. The elongated cylinder is supplied with a lubricant between its outer diameter and the stationary housing bore that provides a cushion against shock and vibration. Lubricant is also supplied to the inside of the elongated cylinder to provide lubrication for the angular contact bearings mounted in each end. This bearing system has proven to be satisfactory for use in commercial high-speed turbochargers, however, it still requires a supply of pressurized lubricant from an engine lubricating system and, historically, the use of lubricating oil in turbochargers has resulted in a number of operational problems.

In commercial turbochargers, piston ring seals are employed to prevent lube oil from leaking from the bearing housing into the compressor and turbine casings. There is inherently a small leak path around the piston ring seals and, during some operating conditions of the engine, such as low idle, a minor amount of oil leakage can occur. Even small amounts of oil leakage into the compressor casing and/or turbine casing can contribute to undesirable emissions in the engine exhaust.

Another problem occurs in cold weather when the increase in viscosity of the lubricating oil causes a lag in time for the oil to reach the turbocharger bearings and, in extreme cold conditions, can cause failure of the bearings.

In addition, when an engine is shut down after being operated at high load when exhaust temperatures are maximized, residual heat can drain into the interior of the turbochargers, causing residual lube oil to carbonize. Continuing carbon buildup can eventually lead to bearing system failure.

Finally, there is significant cost associated with providing lube oil passages in the turbocharger bearing housing and in the tubing used to carry lube oil to and away from the turbocharger.

Consideration of all the potential problems associated with bearing systems requiring pressurized lubricating oil, the development of a bearing system that doesn't require a lubricating oil supply holds the promise of eliminating the various problems listed above. However, in bearing systems that do require lubricating oil, the present invention provides an improvement that contributes to extending their service life in the field.

This invention also provides improvements over the bearing systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,877,901 B2, and No. 7,025,579 B2. Each of these prior bearing systems employ two ball bearings mounted in an elongated cylinder that incorporates a radially extended annular flange on one end to carry thrust loads. The inner races of the ball bearings are separated by an elongated spacer, and the inner races and spacer are clamped together to rotate as an integral part of the rotor assembly.

The bearing system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,877,901 B2 shows an angular contact ball bearing mounted in both ends of a rotatable elongated cylinder. The cylinder is supplied with lube oil over its outer diameter that provides a cushion against shock and vibration and lube oil is admitted to the inner diameter to provide lubrication and cooling for the angular contact ball bearings. Under normal operating conditions, the system functions satisfactorily, however, under extreme conditions where engine exhaust temperatures reach very high levels, the turbine end of the shaft experiences axial expansion that can cause the inner race of the turbine end bearing to move axially away from the outer race that is pressed into the elongated cylinder and allows the balls in the angular contact ball bearing to skid in the races.

The bearing system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,579 B2 shows angular contact ball bearings mounted in both ends of an elongated cylinder that is constrained against rotation by two elastomeric members placed between the elongated cylinder and the corresponding mounting bore in the bearing housing. The elastomeric members allow small radial orbital movement of the elongated cylinder caused by rotor residual unbalance to take place, and also provide a cushion against shock and vibration. The ball bearings in this system are grease-lubricated and do not require a supply of pressurized lubricating oil from the engine.

The outer diameter of the non-rotatable elongated cylinder is exposed to a supply of cooling fluid from the bearing housing fluid cavity, which serves to carry away heat generated in the bearings when operated at high speed. The inner races of the ball bearings are separated by an elongated spacer, all of which are clamped on the shaft and rotate with it. High exhaust temperature during extreme conditions of operation causes the shaft to expand axially, and the inner race of the turbine end bearing moves axially in accordance with this expansion. This movement of the inner race of the turbine end bearing can cause the balls in the bearing to skid in the races.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to improve upon the previously known bearing systems for high-speed rotating shafts, especially shafts such as turbocharger shafts that are subjected in operation to axial expansion and contraction.

Another object of the invention is to provide improved bearing systems for rotating shafts that accommodate axial thermal expansion and contraction of the shaft during operational rotation and that, at the same time, maintain optimum performance of the shaft supporting bearings.

A further object of the invention is to provide improved bearing systems for rotating shafts wherein the shaft is rotatably supported adjacent one end by a first ball bearing assembly capable of carrying axial thrust in both directions and is rotatably supported adjacent its opposite end by a second ball bearing assembly that is slidably mounted for axial movement in a bearing carrier and that is biased in a direction to maintain the integrity of the bearings races and balls while accommodating axial movement of the shaft.

A still further object of the invention is to provide improved bearing systems for the rotating components of a turbocharger wherein the above-described first ball bearing assembly rotatably supports the compressor wheel or cool end of the turbocharger shaft and the above-described second ball bearing assembly rotatably and slidably supports the turbine wheel or hot end of the shaft, thereby to accommodate axial expansion and contraction of the shaft while maintaining the integrity of both bearing assemblies.

In accordance with the invention, the first ball bearing assembly may comprise a deep groove ball bearing, which is well known for its ability to carry thrust in both directions, or the first bearing assembly may comprise a first angular contact ball bearing that is capable of carrying axial thrust in one direction and a second angular contact ball bearing that is capable of carrying axial thrust in the opposite direction.

Also in accordance with the invention, the second ball bearing assembly may comprise an angular contact ball bearing. The outer race of the angular contact bearing assembly is slidably mounted for axial movement in a bearing carrier or cylinder and is biased, for example by a preload spring, in a direction to maintain the outer race in contact with the balls and the balls in contact with the inner race, thereby to mitigate skidding of the balls in the races at all times during operation.

In a preferred embodiment for rotatably supporting the rotating components of a turbocharger, the improved bearing system of this invention comprises a deep groove ball bearing in the compressor end of a rotatable elongated bearing carrier or cylinder capable of carrying thrust in both directions, and an angular contact ball bearing in the turbine (hot) end of the rotatable elongated cylinder that carries a preload spring engaging its outer race. The outer race of the angular contact ball bearing is free to move axially in the rotatable elongated cylinder so that, when axial expansion of the shaft takes place, the spring force against the outer race maintains the geometric integrity of the bearing at all times, essentially eliminating any possibility of the balls skidding in the races.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, for supporting the rotating components of a turbocharger, the improved bearing system of this invention comprises a deep groove ball bearing in the compressor end of a non-rotatable elongated cylinder capable of carrying thrust in both directions, and an angular contact ball bearing in the turbine end of the non-rotatable cylinder that carries a preload spring engaging its outer race. The non-rotatable cylinder is constrained against rotation by two spaced apart elastonieric bands placed between the non-rotatable cylinder and the corresponding mounting bore in the bearing housing. The ball bearings in this embodiment of the invention are grease-lubricated and do not require a supply of pressurized lubricating oil from the engine on which the turbocharger is mounted.

The present invention also incorporates a motor-assisted turbocharger system that employs a motor-generator mounted externally at the intake of the compressor of the turbocharger where it is cooled during operation by the intake airflow. The motor-generator rotor is attached to the turbocharger rotor by a permanent connector that stays engaged throughout the operating speed range of the turbocharger. The motor provides power to the turbocharger rotor during engine acceleration and may become a generator at high speed when there is excess energy in the engine exhaust. In applications where the generation of electricity at high speed is not needed or required, a blocking diode may be included in the electronic control to prevent the feedback of electric current into the system circuitry. The electronic control for the motor-generator that energizes the motor from the vehicle battery during engine acceleration can be mounted on the intake piping of the compressor, where it also benefits from intake air-cooling at high operating speeds.

The combination of the improved ball bearing systems disclosed in this invention with an intake mounted motor-generator provides the engine industry with an ideal turbo machine capable of assisting the engine during acceleration, generating electricity at high engine speeds, and embodying the highest mechanical efficiency due to the use of the double ball bearing systems.

These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those of reasonable skill in the art from the following detailed description, as considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane through the axis of rotation of a bearing system utilizing this invention in a rotatable elongated cylinder.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane through the axis of rotation of a turbocharger utilizing the bearing system of FIG. 1 and including an electric motor-generator.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane through the axis of rotation of a bearing system utilizing this invention in a non-rotatable elongated cylinder.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane through the axis of rotation of a turbocharger utilizing the bearing system of FIG. 3 and including an electric motor-generator.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane through the axis of rotation of another bearing system utilizing this invention.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The bearing system of this invention is adapted to support, within stationary elements of a machine, a high-speed rotating shaft. FIG. 1, for example, illustrates the stationary elements of a turbocharger 10, that is, a bearing housing 11 and an end housing 12 enclose a rotatable shaft 13 carrying a turbine wheel 14 at one end and a compressor wheel 15 at the other end. The bearing system 20 of the invention carries the rotating shaft 13 and is carried by the bearing housing 11. The bearing system 20 can support shafts in turbochargers that rotate at speeds of up to 200,000 RPM (revolutions per minute). The turbine end of the shaft is exposed to heat conducted from the hot turbine wheel 14 that is driven by engine exhaust gas.

The bearing system 20 of this invention, shown in FIG. 1, comprises a rotatable cylinder 21, carrying a deep-groove ball bearing 22 at its compressor end, and an angular contact ball bearing 23 at its turbine end. Deep-groove ball bearings are capable of resisting thrust in both axial directions, whereas angular contact ball bearings resist thrust in one axial direction only.

The angular contact ball bearing 23 cooperates with a resilient biasing means, such as a preload spring 24, which acts to keep the balls in contact with the races at all times. The angular contact ball bearing outer race 23 a is slidably mounted in the rotatable cylinder bore 25 so that, when the shaft expands axially under operating conditions of high temperature, the biasing means or preload spring 24 moves the outer race 23 a of angular contact bearing 23 axially in the rotatable cylinder bore 25 and maintains ball-race contact at all times.

Preferred embodiments of the invention employ ball bearings with ceramic balls, typically called hybrid ceramic bearings. Benefits of ceramic hybrid bearings are significantly increased service life, operational speed capability of up to 50% higher than steel balls, less heat buildup, and high temperature capability. These features make hybrid ceramic ball bearings ideally suited for use in turbochargers.

The combination of mounting a deep-groove ball bearing adjacent the compressor end of a rotatable shaft for resisting thrust in both axial directions, and mounting an angular contact ball bearing with a preload spring adjacent the turbine end of the shaft, provides a significantly improved bearing system for high-speed rotating machines.

The deep-groove ball bearing 22 has its outer race pressed into a bore at the compressor end of rotatable cylinder 21 and carries the thrust loads of the rotating assembly in both directions. The angular contact ball bearing 23 at the turbine end is provided with resilient means in the form of a preload spring 24 that exerts an axial force against the outer race 23 a of angular contact ball bearing 23 that is slidably mounted, i.e. a slip fit, in the cylinder bore 25 and does not carry thrust loads of the rotating assembly. The slip fit in the cylinder bore 25 allows axial movement of the ball bearing 23 when the shaft expands axially due to high temperature of operation.

The compressor end of rotatable cylinder 21 has an outwardly projecting annular flange 21 b that forms a thrust bearing surface 21 c, which is perpendicular to the cylindrical outside surface 21 e of rotatable cylinder 21, and cooperates with a thrust bearing surface 11 b of the bearing housing 11. The compressor end of rotatable cylinder 21 provides a second thrust bearing surface 21 d that cooperates with a thrust bearing surface 12 a of end housing 12.

A nominal clearance, such as about 0.005 to 0.010 inch, is provided between the outside diameter 21 e of rotatable cylinder 21 and bearing housing bore 11 a. Lubricant enters the bearing housing 11 at opening 16, usually from an internal combustion engine lubricating system, and flows to one thrust surface 11 b from the nominal clearance between outside diameter 21 e of the rotatable cylinder 21 and bearing housing bore 11 a. Lubricant also flows into a peripheral V-groove 21 f and from the V-groove 21 f into a radial hole 21 g, and from the radial hole 21 g into the central bore of the rotatable cylinder 21 to provide a flow of lubricant to each of the ball bearings 22 and 23. Lubricant flows through the turbine end ball bearing 23 and into the oil drain cavity 17. Lubricant flows through the compressor end ball bearing 22 outwardly between thrust surfaces 21 d and 12 a and into the drain cavity 17.

Spacer 26 is located between inner races 22 b and 23 b of bearings 22 and 23, and is clamped in place by the axial force presented by tightening the rotor lock nut 30. The axial force exerted by the rotor lock nut 30 clamps the compressor wheel 15, sleeve 31, the inner race 22 b of ball bearing 22, spacer 26, and the inner race 23 b of ball bearing 23 tightly against shoulder 13 a, thus forming the completed rotor assembly.

The bearing system 20 can be easily inserted into the bearing housing bore 11 a due to the nominal clearance between the bore 11 a and the outside diameter 21 e of rotatable cylinder 21. The bearing system can accommodate axial thrust and expansion of the shaft due to high temperature; provides high mechanical efficiency due to the use of ball bearings, and provides improved bearing life associated with ceramic balls.

FIG. 2 illustrates a motor-assisted turbocharger 50 using the bearing system 20 of this invention, whose rotatable shaft 23 is connected at its compressor end to an externally mounted motor-generator 60, which has its electronic control 61 mounted directly on a motor housing 62. The motor housing 62 is mounted directly on the compressor casing 51 and incorporates air passages 65 that receive ambient air from an air cleaner and directs it into the compressor wheel 22. The electronic control 61 for the motor-generator 60, whose circuitry is well known in the art, is connected to the stator 64 by the short cables 66. A flexible coupling 67 capable of withstanding minor misalignment connects the turbocharger shaft 23 to the motor-generator rotor 63, and they remain connected throughout the entire operating range of the turbocharger 50.

The electronic control 61 mounted on the motor housing 62 energizes the motor from battery power during the acceleration period of an internal combustion engine. The electronic control 61 allows the conversion of the motor-generator 60 from motor to generator mode at high engine speeds when there is an excess of energy in the engine exhaust. Current turbocharged engines incorporate a bypass valve in the turbine casing to bypass excess energy around the turbine wheel to prevent the turbocharger from over-speeding. This invention utilizes the excess energy in the exhaust gas to generate electricity, which limits the turbocharger speed and can feed back the generated current into the vehicle electrical system.

Mounting the motor-generator 60 on the compressor casing 51 allows it to be cooled by air flowing through the intake air passages 65. Mounting the electronic control 61 on the motor housing 62 provides a means of cooling for the electronic control components.

FIG. 3 illustrates a turbocharger 40 with an exhaust gas volute 32, a compressor casing 33 and bearing housing 34 that encompasses a rotating assembly 35. Exhaust gas drives the turbine wheel 41 which, in turn, drives the compressor wheel 42 through a rotatable shaft 43, all of which are carried by bearing system 36 of this invention.

Bearing system 36 comprises an elongated cylinder 44 with one deep-groove ball bearing 45 in its compressor end, for resisting axial thrust in both directions, and an angular contact ball bearing 46 slidably mounted against a preload spring 47 in its turbine end.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, the elongated cylinder 44 has an outer surface 44 a, that is cylindrical, and an inner bore. The deep-groove ball bearing 45 has its outer race pressed into bore portion 44 b at the compressor end of the elongated cylinder 44. The outer race of the angular contact ball bearing 46 at the turbine end of elongated cylinder 44 has a slidable or slip fit in bore portion 44 c. Preload spring 47 exerts an axial biasing force against the outer race of ball bearing 46, thus keeping the balls in contact with the races during all modes of operation.

The compressor end of the elongated cylinder 44 has an outwardly projecting flange 44 d that forms two thrust-carrying surfaces 44 e and 44 f. Surface 44 e cooperates with an adjacent thrust-carrying surface on end plate 50 a, and surface 44 f cooperates with an adjacent thrust-carrying surface on bearing housing 34. Both surfaces 44 e and 44 f may be provided with an anti-friction material or coating to prevent fretting of the surfaces due to the small orbital motion of the elongated cylinder 44 that may be generated by residual unbalance in the rotating assembly 35.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, the elongated cylinder 44 is supported within the bearing housing 34 by a plurality of elastomeric bands 55 and does not rotate. The elastomeric bands 55 extend around the peripheral outside surface of the elongated cylinder 44 and engage the inner walls 52 a and 52 b of bearing housing 34. The elastomeric bands 55 act as radial springs that allow minor orbital motion of the bearing system 36 that might result from residual unbalance in the rotating assembly 35, thus allowing rotating assembly 35 to rotate about its center of mass. The elastomeric bands 55 also cushion the rotating assembly 35 and bearing system 36 from shock and vibration. The outer surface 44 a of elongated cylinder 44 may include circumferential grooves 44 g and 44 h that are spaced axially apart and carry elastomeric bands 55, which may be O-rings seated in circumferential grooves 44 g and 44 h.

Bearing housing 34 includes a coolant cavity 38 for coolant to carry away heat transferred to the bearing housing 34 and bearing system 36 from the hot turbine parts of the turbocharger. The coolant cavity 38 has an inlet 38 a that may be connected to the cooling system of an internal combustion engine, and an outlet 38 b that carries coolant from coolant cavity 38 and returns it to the cooling system of the engine. The outer surface 44 a of elongated cylinder 44 forms one boundary of coolant cavity 38 and coolant cavity 38 is sealed by the elastomeric bands 55 between the outside surface 44 a of elongated cylinder 44 and the walls 52 a and 52 b of bearing housing 34. The bearing housing 34 has openings 52 e and 52 f, which allow coolant to flow around the elongated cylinder 44 and carry away heat transferred to and generated in the bearing system 36. Elastomeric bands 55 are preferably of a high temperature rubber compound such as Viton and may be Viton O-rings.

A piston ring seal 53 prevents hot gas from entering the bearing system cavity and a second piston ring seal 54 prevents compressed air from entering the bearing system cavity. Alternately, brush-type seals may be used for this purpose. The bearing system illustrated in FIG. 3 does not require lubricating oil from an engine lubrication system. Bearings 45 and 46 may be ceramic hybrid ball bearings lubricated by high temperature grease.

FIG. 4 illustrates a motor-assisted turbocharger 70, using the bearing system 37 of this invention and whose rotatable shaft 70 a is connected at its compressor end to an externally mounted motor-generator 71, which has its electric control 72 mounted directly on the motor housing 73. The motor housing 73 is mounted directly on the compressor casing 74 and incorporates air passages 75 that receive ambient air from an air cleaner and directs it into the compressor wheel 76. The electronic control 72 for motor-generator 71, whose circuitry is known in the art, is connected to the motor-generator stator 79 by short cables 77. The motor-generator 71 may have a permanent magnet rotor 78 and wire-wound coil stator 79, both of which are known in the art.

Flexible coupling 80 connects the turbocharger shaft 70 a to the rotor 78 of the motor-generator 71. Mounting the motor-generator 71 on the compressor casing 74 allows it to be cooled by air flowing through the intake air passages 75. Mounting the electronic control 72 on the motor housing 73 provides a means of cooling for the electronic control components.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of this invention, showing a bearing system 90, wherein axial thrust is taken by mounting two angular contact ball bearings 81 and 82 in the compressor end of elongated cylinder 83. A angular contact ball bearing 84 is slidably mounted in the turbine end of elongated cylinder 83. Angular contact ball bearing 82 carries axial thrust in the direction of the turbine end of elongated cylinder 83, and angular contact bearing 82 carries axial thrust in the direction of the compressor end of elongated cylinder 83. Angular contact ball bearing 84 does not carry thrust and is movably mounted with a slip fit in elongated cylinder 83 with a preload spring 85 bearing against its outer race. The preload spring 85 maintains the balls of angular contact ball bearing 84 in contact with its inner and outer races under all conditions, and particularly when heat from exhaust gases causes axial expansion of the shaft 86 to occur.

The compressor end of rotatable cylinder 83 has an outwardly projecting annular flange 83 b that forms a thrust bearing surface 83 c, which is perpendicular to the cylindrical outside surface 83 e of cylinder 83 and cooperates with a thrust bearing surface 83 d of the bearing housing 88. The compressor end of cylinder 83 provides a thrust bearing surface 83 f that cooperates with a thrust bearing surface 83 g of end housing 89.

A commonality exists between the bearing systems of this invention as illustrated in FIGS. 1-4 that, in each case, a deep-groove ball bearing assembly is mounted in the compressor end of an elongated cylinder and carries axial thrust in both directions, and an angular ball bearing assembly is slip-fitted against a preload spring in the turbine end of the elongated cylinder. The inner races of the ball bearings are separated by a spacer, which is clamped in place between the inner races of the ball bearings when the rotor assembly lock nut is tightened, and both inner races and the spacer rotate with the shaft as part of the rotating assembly. The elongated cylinder is provided with an outwardly projecting flange that forms thrust bearing surfaces that cooperate with juxtaposed thrust bearing surfaces on the stationary housing parts.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the elongated cylinder is rotatable and supplied with lubricating oil along its outer diameter and into its inner bore. The outer oil film provides the bearing system and rotating assembly with a cushion against shock and vibration and also allows minor orbital motion of the bearing assembly caused by residual unbalance in the rotor assembly. Oil flowing into the inner bore provides lubrication for the ball bearings.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the elongated cylinder is non-rotatable and elastomeric bands are provided to separate it from the corresponding bore in the bearing housing. The ball bearings in FIGS. 3 and 4 are grease-lubricated and the elastomeric bands provide a cushion against shock and vibration. The elastomeric bands also allow minor orbital motion of the bearing assembly caused by residual unbalance in the rotor assembly. Thus, the elastomeric bands in FIGS. 3 and 4 perform the same function that the outer oil film on the periphery of the elongated cylinder in FIGS. 1 and 2 performs.

In all embodiments of this invention, thrust loads are carried on the cooler end of the machines while the rotating shaft is free to expand axially in response to its exposure to heat at the hot end of the machine.

While preferred embodiments of this invention have been shown herein, other embodiments may be devised without departing from the scope of the following claims. 

1. A bearing system for a shaft rotating about an axis of rotation comprising an elongated bearing carrier and a pair of axially spaced shaft supporting ball bearing means in the carrier, at least one of said ball bearing means comprising a bearing assembly including means for carrying axial thrust in both directions, the other of said ball bearing means including an outer race slidably mounted in the carrier and resilient means between the carrier and said outer race for biasing said outer race axially into engagement with the balls in the bearing.
 2. A bearing system as in claim 1, at least said one bearing means comprising a deep-groove ball bearing.
 3. A bearing system as in claim 1, said other bearing means comprising an angular contact ball bearing.
 4. A bearing system as in claim 1, at least said one bearing means comprising a first angular contact ball bearing for carrying axial thrust in one direction and a second angular contact ball bearing for carrying axial thrust in the other direction.
 5. A bearing system as set forth in claim 1, said one bearing means comprising a deep-groove ball bearing and the other of said bearing means comprising an angular contact ball bearing.
 6. A bearing system as set forth in claim 1, said resilient means comprising a preload spring.
 7. A bearing system as in claim 1, the balls in said ball bearing comprising ceramic balls.
 8. A bearing system as set forth in claim 3, said angular contact ball bearing having a full complement of ceramic balls.
 9. A bearing system as in claim 1, wherein a stationary housing carries the bearing system and said elongated bearing carrier is mounted for rotation within the housing.
 10. A bearing system as in claim 1, wherein a stationary housing carries the bearing system and said elongated carrier is constrained against rotation in the housing.
 11. A bearing system as in claim 1, including an outwardly projecting annular flange on the carrier comprising a pair of thrust-carrying surfaces.
 12. A bearing system as in claim 11, wherein a stationary housing carries the bearing system and includes thrust-carrying surfaces adjacent the thrust carrying surfaces of said outwardly projecting flange.
 13. A bearing system for a shaft rotating about an axis of rotation comprising; a cylinder having a central bore, a shaft-supporting deep-groove ball bearing in the central bore adjacent one end of the cylinder, a shaft-supporting angular contact ball bearing in the central bore adjacent the opposite end of the cylinder, said angular contact ball bearing having an outer race slidably mounted in the cylinder and resilient means between said outer race and the cylinder for biasing said outer race into engagement with the balls in the bearing.
 14. A bearing system as in claim 13, said deep-groove ball bearing carrying axial thrust in both directions, said angular contact ball bearing being free to move axially within said cylinder and with the shaft upon axial expansion and contraction of the shaft, said resilient means maintaining the outer race of said angular contact ball bearing in contact with the balls in the bearing and maintaining the balls in the bearing in contact with the inner race of the bearing throughout the range of axial movement of the shaft.
 15. A bearing system as in claim 13, said resilient means comprising a spring.
 16. A bearing system as in claim 13, the balls in said ball bearings comprising ceramic balls.
 17. A bearing system as in claim 13, said angular contact ball bearing having a full complement of ceramic balls.
 18. A turbocharger for an internal combustion engine comprising a rotating assembly comprising a shaft and a compressor wheel and a turbine wheel at opposite ends of the shaft, a stationary housing comprising an exhaust gas volute for directing engine exhaust gas through said turbine wheel, a compressor casing for collecting compressed air from said compressor wheel and a bearing system housing, a bearing system within said housing rotatably carrying said rotating assembly, said bearing system comprising an elongated bearing carrier removably supported in said housing, a first bearing assembly in said carrier adjacent the compressor wheel end of said shaft and a second bearing assembly in said carrier adjacent the turbine wheel end of said shaft, said first bearing assembly comprising ball bearing means including means for carrying axial thrust in both directions, said second bearing assembly comprising ball bearing means including an outer race slidably mounted in said carrier and resilient means between said carrier and said outer race for biasing said outer race against the balls in the bearing.
 19. A turbocharger as in claim 18, said carrier including outwardly projecting flange surfaces, said stationary housing having surfaces juxtaposed to the outwardly projecting flange surfaces of said carrier, said flange surfaces and said juxtaposed housing surfaces cooperating to bear thrust loads of the rotating assembly.
 20. A turbocharger as in claim 18, wherein said carrier comprises an elongated cylinder mounted for rotation within said housing.
 21. A turbocharger as in claim 18, further comprising an electric motor-generator having a rotor and stator housing connected to and carried by said compressor casing and a rotor permanently connected to said rotating assembly.
 22. A turbocharger as in claim 21, wherein the rotor and stator housing comprises an inlet to the compressor casing of the turbocharger with surfaces in heat transfer relationship with the components of the motor generator.
 23. A turbocharger for an internal combustion engine comprising a rotating assembly comprising a shaft and a compressor wheel and a turbine wheel at opposite ends of the shaft, a stationary housing comprising an exhaust gas volute for directing engine exhaust gas through said turbine wheel, a compressor casing for collecting compressed air from said compressor wheel and a bearing system housing, a bearing system within said housing carrying said rotating assembly, said bearing system comprising a non-rotatable elongated bearing carrier supported in said housing by elastomeric bands, a first bearing assembly in said carrier adjacent the compressor wheel end of said shaft and a second bearing assembly in said carrier adjacent the turbine wheel end of said shaft, said first bearing assembly comprising ball bearing means including means for carrying axial thrust in both directions, said second bearing assembly comprising ball bearing means including an outer race slidably mounted in said carrier and resilient means between said carrier and said outer race for biasing said outer race against the balls in the bearing.
 24. A turbocharger as in claim 23, wherein said elastomeric bands are “O” rings.
 25. A turbocharger as in claim 23 further comprising an electric motor-generator having a rotor and stator housing connected to and carried by said compressor casing, and a rotor permanently connected to said rotating assembly.
 26. A turbocharger as in claim 25, wherein said rotor and stator housing forms an inlet to the compressor wheel of the turbocharger with surfaces in heat transfer relationship with said motor-generator components.
 27. A turbocharger as in claim 25, wherein the said motor-generator operates as a motor during engine acceleration and as a generator at speeds at which there is excess energy in the engine exhaust.
 28. A turbocharger as in claim 25, wherein the motor-generator operates as a motor during engine acceleration and a blocking diode is employed in the control circuitry to prevent feedback of current into the electrical system. 